708 Cig Ue ELSES ST SMO RM OS YF LRN NAR TTD THAR LN TOTEM WED NNN RLRE AE GIE AED REALE PPT ALERT 2 PE Fa 


Associated Tile Manufacturers 


ALHAMBRA TILE COMPANY 
AMERICAN ENCAUSTIC TILING COMPANY, LTD. 
BEAVER FALLS ART TILE COMPANY 
CAMBRIDGE TILE MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
GRUEBY FAIENCE & TILE COMPANY 
MATAWAN TILE COMPANY 
MOSAIC TILE COMPANY 
NATIONAL TILE COMPANY 
OLD BRIDGE ENAMELED BRICK & TILE COMPANY 
PERTH AMBOY TILE WORKS 
THE C. PARDEE WORKS 
UNITED STATES ENCAUSTIC TILE WORKS 
WHEELING TILE COMPANY 


Office—Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania 


STS ae 


i 


Fam - 


This publication has a twofold purpose. In the 
first place, it is intended to serve as a convenient 
handbook on swimming pools for the information 
of prospective builders and home owners, and for 
the reference library of architects and engineers. 


The wide distribution which the first edition has 
enjoyed, the frequent references which writers on 
the subject have made to it, and the adoption, as 
standards, by a number of private organizations 
and State Boards of Health of the recommendations 
and ideas presented therein, in addition to its use 
as a text book in several colleges, indicate that it 
supplied a real and very definite need. 


In this revised second edition, all new data and 
experience have been utilized, and we confidently 
believe that it represents a digest of up-to-date 
methods and the best practice. 


In addition, it will point out the numerous advan- 
tages of tiles. Countless instances have demonstrated 
the exceptional fitness and value of tiles for the 
lining of pools of all descriptions, and in urging 
their general adoption for swimming pools we do 
so with absolute faith in their merit for this 
purpose. 


The principles and recommendations in this book 
are presented as an incentive toward better swim- 
ming pools and more of them. 


Copyright 1924, by ASSOCIATED TILE MANUFACTURERS, Beaver Falls, Pa. 


Page Two 


JE AE SES IEE Aw, SWIMMING PAOZOR Ls 


Swimming Pool, Madison Square Garden, New York City This is one of the largest indoor pools in the world—having ample space 
- for six to eight roped-off playing courts. Note the accessible entrance 


‘ clin Whi / itec mies 5 Z 
Franklia Whitman, Architect steps and the artistic use of the tiled coping and decorations. 


Tiled Swimming Pools 


WILE is now generally accepted as the most suitable, serviceable and 
2g practical material for swimming pools because of the satisfaction it has 
ya] given in every instance. It has many hygienic and economical advan- 
oases tages. Ever since the first swimming pool was lined with it, tile has been 
a feature of excellence in swimming pool construction. Hundreds of pools in 
connection with colleges, Y. M. C. A.’s, municipal and private natatoriums, 
clubs, and in numerous private residences have been lined with tile with com- 
plete success and lasting satisfaction. They render ample proof and evidence of 
its practical worth and artistic merit. 


Among the advantages of tile are cleanliness, durability, attractiveness, com- 
parative lightness, ease of application and reasonable cost. The usefulness of tile 
is, moreover, not restricted to the pool itself. Tile is equally advantageous and 
serviceable for floor, walls and ceiling of the hall in which the pool is located, 
for showers, dressing rooms, toilets, rain and tub baths, and for other supple- 
mentary equipment of the modern natatorium. 


Tiles always retain their beautiful surface lustre and finish. A tiled swim- 
ming pool never shows wear or change of color. Water contact or severe use 
does not affect the lasting sheen and attractive beauty of clean tiled surfaces. 
With proper care and cleaning, a tiled swimming pool will last indefinitely in its 
original freshness and neatness. 


Page Three 


Aor St Calin Sighs) ee lee! me els M AUN UP AS Gale Ua eae 


Spaulding Pool, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H. This 30 by 75 foot pool is lined with 34-inch speckled green ceramic 


mosaic with a gangway of gray flint tiles in 6-inch squares. The wall 
panels are oatmeal colored Touraine Quarries with glazed faience borders. 


Sanitary “Value of Tales 


Gel RO HE use of tiles for swimming pools is strictly in accord with modern 
yy); uy, . . . A eis 
EG hygiene, which has made its chief advances through the recognition 
! eee) of cleanliness as the essence of proper sanitation. Tiles are indispensable 
in swimming pool construction for the attainment of that essential 
cleanliness, and fulfill all practical demands 1n this respect. 


Rich & Mathesius, Architects 


The smooth tile lining facilitates in unusual measure the ease and rapidity 
with which a pool may be cleaned, and the non-porousness of tiles insures the 
thoroughness of the cleaning operations. The dense, non-absorbent nature of 
tiles prevents impurities from penetrating the surface beyond the possibility of 
ready and complete removal. 


The hygienic aspect of swimming pool construction is obviously of the greatest 
importance. The swimming pool is a place for healthful exercise, and must be 
kept in a healthful condition at all times. The large amount of impurities carried 
into the pool makes it necessary for the designer to be alive to the dangers of 
absorbent pool lining materials, as well as to those of wide, porous joints. ’ 


Page Four 


ee le ho ease Wo laM eM? TeNioG BaOeOaiees 


ee a 
A 


C 


Private Swimming Pool, Residence of GAE: Wills, An ideally Jocated private pool of light green glazed tile with black 
Dries Michigan swimming lines along the bottom. At the spring-board end a tastefully 
a 


appointed lounging room is provided. 
Albert Kahn, Architect 


A distinction should be made between absolute and apparent cleanliness. 
The mere fact that dirt does not show does not always mean that dirt is not present. 
Only thorough cleansing can remove dirt and bacterial growths, and in tiles a 
material is available which permits and assures a complete cleansing process. 
Rounded corners and covers are provided for simplicity of construction and tile 
scum gutters for the automatic removal of floating impurities. Simplicity of clean- 
ing is not only desirable but absolutely necessary, because very few pools are so 
fortunately situated that the water may be changed daily and frequent cleanings 
permitted without extradordinary expense. 


A factor that lends additional desirability to the lighter shades of tiles, from 
a sanitary point of view, is their light-reflecting property. The germicidal effect 
of reflected light should not be underestimated in view of the fact that many pools 
are so located that they do not receive direct sunlight, or, at best, they receive 
only a comparatively small amount. Experiments have revealed that certain 
bacteria and spores are killed by direct sunlight, and that the result from reflected 
light is similar, although slower. 


Fresh, bright tiles today hold the unqualified endorsement of sanitarians, 
architects, physical directors, and owners as the cleanest, most durable and 
wholly satisfactory lining material for sanitary tiled swimming pools. 


Page Five 


— 


Ske UNO Gy Habe ibe oil be de Me AN] Us Poh 2G Ute hae 


Lasting Qualzties 
of Tiles 

qINOTHER point in favor of tiles 
eh is their extreme durability. 
Absolute reliance may be placed 
upon their lasting qualities. It 
is a noteworthy fact that tiles are 1m- 
mune from detrimental chemical or me- 
chanical actions of the pool water, or 
other leaching and dissolving influences. 
Continuous contact with water has no 
deteriorating effect upon tiles. This 
applies in equal measure to all kinds and 
colors, to ceramic mosaic as well as to 
tiles and faience of larger units made by 
the Assoc1ATED TILE MANUFACTURERS. 

Nera eey iibseey Coen Mig vinbintah Ge of pn bet oeenats pool in. 
Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge, Architects stallation ranges 1n importance next to 
fo earried over the entire floor space under thesésts, thus faci; @ICAIUIMULDess wal seas MIN C eta Eee 
tating cleanliness in a place offering innumerable obstructions. of economy as it is one of safety. Two of 
the essential requirements of durability are hardness, which prevents abrasion, and 
inorganic chemical composition. Tiles are the most durable of materials, and 
being produced solely from clay, feldspar and flint, are, of course, entirely inorganic 
and cannot possibly decay or disintegrate. 


tOrS 


2 Gan 
Dy ia 


— 


Private Swimming Pool, Residence of W. E. Boeing, Seattle, Wash. 
Bebb & Gould, Architects 


Swimming pools in connection with private residences are rapidly increasing in number. 


Here is one of medium size conspicuous for its elegant simplicity. The plunge is twenty 
feet wide, thirty-eight feet long, and has a water depth of seven feet. In addition to the 
pool, the suite comprises ladies’ and gentlemen’s showers, dressing rooms and toilets. 


Page Six 


Teles elev Vins NGG, PEQO@COe sss 


ee 8 ee Nk goee nse 


Swimming Pool, Cass High School, Detroit, Mich. The floor and walls of this pool are lined with unglazed tiles and glazed 
trles were used for the wainscoting. Note the tile markings for distances 
and swimming lines. 


Decorative Value of Tiles 


==S|HE tonic effect which should result from a plunge depends in a large measure upon 
A attractive surroundings. As cleanliness contributes much to attractiveness, so should 
i Ve=x4| a due share be allotted to attractiveness for bringing about this invigorating effect. 
reueh)) There are numerous reasons why tiles make an artistic material for appropriate and 
SiserE3| beautiful decoration. They afford the designer abundant opportunity for the expression 
of any artistic value, for variety of 


color, textures and new designs. 


Malcomson, Higginbotham and Palmer, Architects 


A great variety in effects may 
be obtained by multiplication of 
units, by different finishes—bright 
glazed, satin, dull and unglazed— 
and by units of different size and 
shape. Owing to the almost un- 
limited range of sizes, shapes and 
colors, the architectural scale can 
always be preserved and ‘any 
decorative scheme executed in har- 
mony with the surroundings. 


ey 
HH 


Mey 
He 


A 
LEH 


AY 
{' 
THE 


A singular advantage of tile 
decorations is their durability, and 
in this connection, the permanence 
of the colors requires special men- 
tioning. All tile colors are durable 
and cannot fade from the chemical 
effect of light or any other influ- 
ence. There is beauty and service- 
ability in all of them; they make 
the pool attractive, more inviting, sry pepe te Tho cate Che atte beet 
and thereby increase the lure, the Racine College, Racine, Wis. rounded to facilitate sanitation. 
delight and the fun in swimming. Guilbert & Funston, Architects 


Page Seven 


AUSUSLO GT AT%E D> 77 G19 EAM ANG WS EA eC eee 


Indoor “Pools 


N indoor swimming pool 
has many obvious advan- 
tages over the outdoor 
pool. Being located in 
a heated building, it 

can Te afer the year around. The 
water can be heated to any desired 
temperature for winter swimming or 
water sports. The cost of refilling, 
cleaning and maintaining indoor pools 
can be considerably reduced by eff- 
cient filtration and purification equip- 
ment operating with a recirculating 
system of adequate capacity. 


The indoor pool satisfies many 
requirements of the modern public 
school. First, it permits instruction 
in swimming to the pupils during 
regular periods. It also encourages 

’ j active exercise and builds up good 
Spaulding Pool, Dartmouth College, Note the decorative uses of tiles in these health through clean, robust bodies 
Hanover, N. H. wall panels and the faience borders. and refreshed minds. 


Colleges and universities today con- 
sider a tiled swimming pool an essential part of the standard athletic equipment. In addition to 
regular swimming exercises and instruction to the students by a competent director, the indoor pool 
permits the various aquatic sports such as water polo, water basket ball, swimming races, plunges, 
dives, etc.—now popular in college and school circles. 

The clean, attractive swimming pool has been definitely capitalized by clubs, athletic associations, 
Y. M.C. A.’s and Y. W.C. A.’s as a real drawing card for new members. Guests and newcomers 
in the community are impressed by the opportunities it affords for good fellowship, the keen rivalry 
of healthy sport, and as the opening for new friendships with active people. For the typical youth 
of the crowded city, there is no more powerful magnet than the delighted splashings in a cool, 
bright, tiled pool—the modern improvement of the “‘ole swimming hole.’’ 


The tired guest at many big metro- 
politan hotels today can enjoy his 
invigorating plunge in a clean, tiled 
pool without leaving the hotel build- 
ing. Attractive swimming pools are a 
pleasing feature of the better summer 
resort hotels throughout the country. 

Civic centers and public play- 
grounds have found the community 
swimming poolidea to be replete with 
new possibilities. The public can use 
the pool at advertised periods of two 
or three hours each evening; swim- 
ming Classes for pupils and games for 
children can be held at fixed hours 
during the morning and afternoon. 

The best and most popular location 
for the indoor pool is the basement, 
although many clubs and hotels in 
high buildings have a pool on one of 
the upper floors. While a separate 
structure is often erected for the pool, 
it will be found more practical and 
economical to locate the indoor ; Si ' 
swimming pool in a building already plist fag fe we Ee shows the Meratvs bent (eee a 
erected—preferably i in the basement. ee ha sak ear the lettered memorial plate. 


Rich & Mathesius, Architects 


Page Eight 


pve es epee 1) See NSN GG: PEOROMESS 


Open-Air Swimming Pool, Summit Beach Park, Akron, O. This commodious pool has drawn the crowds continuously since its 
completion in July, 1919, despite the fact that bathing is free in Sum- 
mit Lake directly adjoining it. It is 175 feet long and 80 feet wide, and 
is tiled throughout with vitreous ceramic mosaic in 34-inch squares, 
including depth and distance markings and swimming lanes. 


Outdoor Swzmming Pools 


<q) JTDOOR pools are for warm weather use only and usually have no 
| covered enclosure. They are filled with water of natural temperature 
yf) which can be easily and constantly renewed. 


Outdoor pools are suitable for public parks and playgrounds, civic 
centers, amusement parks, beaches and private gardens. Many communities have 
built both outdoor and indoor pools, abandoning river and lake beaches, because 
pools afford better facilities for the supervision and control of bathers than is 
possible at rivers and lakes. Many amusement parks have found the outdoor tiled 
swimming pool to be a profitable investment as a good money-making proposi- 
tion—even when located 1n close proximity to lakes and rivers where bathing ts free. 

The construction of outdoor and indoor pools is essentially the same; the type or method is 


largely influenced by the nature of the soil, climate and natural drainage conditions. Special atten- 
tion must be given to the waterproofing of outdoor pools. 

The demonstrated superiority of tiles for outdoor pools is well established. Unglazed tiles and 
ceramic mosaic are best suited to all climatic conditions. Tiled walks should surround the 
outdoor pool. They harmonize with 
the greenand brownofnearby grounds, 
and add distinctive charm and a neat 
finished appearance to the entire 
pool. 


Re Re. > 


In deciding on the plan and design 
for an outdoor pool, it is often best to 
make a sharp distinction from the 
usual stereotyped design for swim- 
ming pools. By so doing, a novel and 
pleasing effect can be obtained which 
will blend smoothly into the unique 
features of the surrounding landscape 
and the natural terrain. Distinctive 
features can be made of steps, plat- 
forms and ladders to conform with 
the general architectural scheme of 
the nearby buildings. As a rule the 
outdoor pool is not limited for space, 
nor is it always necessary to secure 
swimming space over the entire area 
of the pool, thus permitting closer 


Private Pool, Residence Robert phe Gish ave and ERFLODS pool hasa berians i; 
paw and curb of 6-inch rough texture promenade [ ‘ : i142 

R. Meyer, Birmingham, Ala. Raa aR Ae kein ateerandiiasl lini of attention to the important auxiliary 

W. H. Kessler, Architect ceramic mosaic with black outlines. The bath details of trimmings and accoutre- 


house contains two white glazed tile showers 
with ceramic floors. 


ments. 


Page Nine 


‘to it ought to be a of an harmonious whole; one should be able to pass Balt 


Ass eSuQ Gol AUEsE SD © il Te ees Ar INU a oy Gael aan eos 


Private Pool, Pes: P.G. Thomson, Cincinnatz, O. Three-quarter-inch vitreous ceramic mosaic was used to line this pictur- 
esque garden pool and has proved entirely waterproof. 


Garden Pools 


=iARDEN pools may be for swimming or for purely ornamental purposes. 
@| The private garden pool offers a free and unrestricted opportunity for 
H| the development of originality and distinction in the outdoor pool. 
For the larger estates, garden pools have been in vogue for a long time, 
and today garden swimming pools are being provided in greater and greater num- 
bers for grounds of an acre or even less, where the entire family can enjoy swim- 
ming at home and in seclusion. 


J.G. Rogers, Architect 


Tax FY 


The architectural features of the garden—its arbors, gateways, walls, foun- "i 
tains and garden pools—are not only important sources of interest in themselves, 
but they are the means of completing the garden, of rounding it out and imparting ‘ 


to it a finished appearance. Garden pools, like garden walls, should conform to 
the architectural style of the main house, for the garden and whatever pertains 
from one to the other, feeling that each belongs to the other. 


An attractive, well-placed garden pool makes a most delightful and unique 
addition to the private estate, and particularly so in the country or suburbs. 


Page Ten 


eee ets merce Wale Niele NeG. ee OsQ alee 


modest basin, 12 x 20 feet or 
smaller, can be built at com- 
paratively little cost—with 
tiled sides and bottom, an 
open overflow trough to col- 
lect leaves and seeds that 
fall upon the water, and a 
neat tile pavement around 
themed semltaflords a con- 
venient opportunity for a 
refreshing early morning 
plunge under the seclusion of 
hedges, pergolas, arbors and 
stately old trees. 

Garden pools are often 
placed in the conservatory, 
where they may serve both as 
swimming and garden pools— 


appropriately lined with ferns, | 
This view of the pool on the opposite page, shown empty, affords a close-up of the per- 
palms and flowers ; ; gola, diving board,decorative border of colored ceramic mosaic,and the tiled inset ladder. 


Wading Pools 


HAPPY variation of the garden pool is the tiled wading pool, where 
playful youngsters may splash in the water on hot sultry days to their 
NWA) Darts’ content. Wading pools can be built at little expense and are 
suited to the smallest grounds, as any desired shape may be adopted. 

No elaborate plumbing is necessary for the wading pool. An ordinary galvan- 
ized pipe placed in the ground below the frost line and connected with the house 
system will answer very well 


it Sc SC Sea os MT 


2 PEERS Ta i or |. to supply the water. 
jaeeess PEE EE PEER 2 The tiled bottom of the 
& HE x SHAS S RES SERS SSR - wading pool should slope 
7nnagaenn sy =>) gently from the edge to" a 
set s clea |~ depth of not over twelve 
=H : _ inches. A tiled approach on 
+ > ome end and a curb to serve 
eee Soh Stee| yee __|~ aS a seat on the other three 
H . sides is a sensible treatment 
Ungiazed Stile. "cos iM : for square or rectangular pools. 
< onrtow |\~ Circular pools may have a 
x = small island artistically built 
B - of tile in the center. A tiled 
Se eS - walk should surround the 

rH ' Tiled Walk ‘ pool. 

Lert Wading pools can be easily 


cleaned with the ordinary 
Catdensnocceanamwrlinlact 
forever. 


ee ee 


Page Eleven 


ACS'S*®@:G-l Ay TSE DD, Pee Ee CV ASN Ce oes lees a ee 


Bac OPES 


J. G. Rogers, Architect Garden Aspect of the P. G. Thomson pool shown on pages 10 and I1. 


Color Schemes 


HE artistic sense of the designer, personal taste, and preference must of 
necessity largely guide in the selection of colors. The varying trans- 
lucency of the water requires some consideration. 


The predominating color in many cases is white, which is of great 
value where the pool is located in a hall deficient in daylight. In some states | 


ordinances provide that “‘the 
sides and bottom of all pools 
and tanks shall be white, so 
that objects may be clearly 
seen, so far as possible, in all 
portions of the pool or tank. 
However, where the water 

is more or less turbid, some _ 
kinds of colored tiles are more 4 
desirable, because turbidity 
will be less noticeable in a 


A : | 
pool finished in color than , 
in a white pool. i 

Outdoor Pool, Resid be : N h ful gard ettin d deco- j 

Moe Beech dig [eartee Sestores of ta bavate eek tales The natural greenish or 

W.H. Kessler, Architect shown ba bags: bluish cast of large bodies of 


Page Twelve 


lie ie aes Ue Me TNS Ge POL Oekes 


water may be en- 
hanced by tiles of 
similar color ar- 
ranged in decorative 
borders and panels 
orasthe ground 
color for the entire 
pool. <A depth of 
color is thereby pro- 
duced that resem- 
bles that of lakes 
and clear streams, 
and looks par- 
ticularly inviting. 
Beautiful effects 
have also been ob- 


tained with tur- Outdoor Pool, Residence John L. Kaul, White glazed tiles were used for this scum gutter; Hoods Red 
quois blue and bor- Birmingham vie Quarry tile for the promenade; and Oriental brick for the curb- 


: ing. The bath house has tile showers in each side with ceramic 
ders of azute. Dis- W.H. Kessler, Architect mosaic floors and 6-inch squares in a combination cove base in 
tancenumerals, dressing rooms. 

swimming lines and similar markings are in themselves decorative, or can be made the basis of design 
and color schemes. A colored border along the water line is both beautiful and serviceable. Where 
stairs are built into the pool, it is advisable to have the treads in some distinctive color easily visible 
below the water. 

One recently finished pool on a southern estate has blue ceramic mosaic and blue vitreous tile 
for the scum gutter and top curb, with blue vitreous tile for the nosings of all steps and platforms. 
The balance of the pool is in white ceramic mosaic, and on the floor are two broad bands of blue 
ceramic mosaic, each band three feet wide, running the full length of the pool. This simple use of 
just two colors, with nothing but blue visible above the water line, and the two bands on the bot- 
tom showing up through the water, with the reflection from the blue southern sky, produced a 
wonderfully rich color effect due to the bluish cast imparted to the water by the colored tiles and 
also from the sky reflection. 

Each natatorium is, of course, a problem in itself. The possibilities with tiles in color are prac- 
tically limitless. Other suggestions may be derived from the notes under the illustrations. 


Private Outdoor Pool, Arthur Curtis James, Cocoanut Grove, Fla. Ceramic mosaic was used in floor and walls of this pool. Note 
sha ; X the wide entrance steps, garden bench and floral decorations. 
J. Clintin McKenzie, Architect 


Page Thirteen 


9, mega ett a ee wow Gm TS 


SO NGxe ee Tipe Les RY = VA SING Ue are Cre nb aaa 


- a —m pe me 


Another view of John L. Kaul pool illustrated on page 13 showing two sets of wide entrance steps from 
residence and also entrance steps at other end of pool. 


Layout and Plan 


*JN the construction of the pool proper, there is no essential difference 

between the outdoor and indoor pools. But the layout of the bathing 
establishment will differ according to location, purpose, the number, 
age, sex and character of the bathers, so that there will be consider- 
able variation in the size and depth of the pool and the general arrangement of 
such units as dressing rooms, showers, toilets, etc. In addition, many states 
and municipalities have enacted laws and regulations pertaining to public swim- 
ming pools, which will influence the planning. 


The general requirements may be summarized in the following principles: 
1. The dimensions of the pool depend upon the expected attendance. A pool 
should be built as large as probable attendance and finances dictate. 
The pool should be surrounded by runways on at least three sides. These 
gangways should have a minimum width of four feet. | 


Dressing rooms and showers should be so arranged that proper supervision 
| is possible at all times. 


4. Entrances, aisles and dressing rooms should be so arranged that any dressed 
person or newcomer on his way to the dressing room cannot mingle with 
bathers in the pool room or enclosure. 


P 


We 


Al 


Separate dressing rooms, showers and toilet sections are necessary where 
both sexes use the pool at the same time. Dressing rooms may be individual 
or common for the respective sexes. 


| 6. Where only men and boys use the pool, common dressing rooms with lockers 


q are preferable. 


Page Fourteen 


ae a ee es Se a es 2 


I ET A A i NR ag a 


= 


iLO} 


AGA LY 


194, 


13. 


14. 


Lille eee Wore eV Ng Gye Orr ERS 


For women and girls, individual dressing rooms or stalls are advisable, and 
bathing suits and caps should be furnished. 


When the pool is used alternately by both sexes, the dressing rooms, lockers 
and showers for men should be placed on one side and those for women on 
the opposite side, or there could be a single set for alternate use by both 
sexes, with separate toilets when possible. The first plan is desirable for 
schools, especially when folding partitions are provided by means of which 
either set of accessories may be disconnected from the pool. This offers the 
advantage that those of one sex may use its showers and prepare for the 
pool while those of the other sex are using the pool. 


The number of dressing rooms depends on the expected attendance and should 
be proportionate to the size of pool. For schools, Y. M. C. A.’s, etc., this 
attendance is easily determined, while for public bath houses, the number ts 
not so easily calculated. However, the maximum bathing load, as determined 
by the volume of the pool and the capacity of the purifying equipment, 
furnishes a guide to the required dressing room area. 


Showers should be installed adjacent to the pool room and convenient to the 
toilet rooms. In case of men’s swimming pools, when suits are not worn, 
the showers may well be located in the pool room itself. 


In no case should showers be so located that any bather can go from dressing 
room to pool without passing by, or preferably through, a shower room. 


Not less than one 
shower head and 
liquid soap con- 
tainer should be 
planned for each 30 
individual  dress- 
ing rooms or their 
equivalent. 


Toilets should be 
so located as to 
afford easy access. 
SO ues Oe Gc m 
should be so lo- 
cated that new- 
comers may find 
them on their way 
to dressing rooms. 
Others should be 
located between 
dressing rooms and 
pool, so that they 
may be reached by 
bathers from the 


pool room. 
Not less than one J Sill TL fo TRING Sn 
toilet fixture shall Tropical Tea House and Swimming Pool, Hes tara y else) Hi aciaanee ras 


; Residence of Captain J]. R. DeLamer, Glen 
be provided for Cove, Long Island, N. Y. 


every 25 bathers. Architect: C. P. H. Gilbert 


gracefully hanging vines and flowers. White ceramic 
mosaic with a border design of gold and azure tiles 
were used, with a vivid color star in several shades 
of blue, radiating from the tea house in the center. 


Page Fifteen 


a a 


AtS*SeQ) Cr TAG Ee) Site le MeATN TU 2b Gr LeU aie 


5; 


16. 


ie 
18. 


19. 


ZO} 


Qa 


Ibs 


Galleries should be so planned that spectators and persons not dressed for 
bathing cannot mingle with bathers, and cannot enter the runways, dress- 
ing rooms, toilets, etc., used by bathers. 


Complete recirculating, purifying and heating equipment and proper hous- 
ing space for such equipment must be provided, where neither the ’ ‘fill and 
draw’’ nor the replacement method of renewing the pool water are used. 


The pool room for indoor pools should be well lighted and ventilated. 


For outdoor pools, a site should be chosen that is easily drained of surface 
water, and is not subject to contamination from incinerators, highways or 
manufacturing plants. 


Plans for outdoor pools should not include sand beaches, earth or board- 
walks, lawns and similar sources of contamination of the pool water, unless 
foot pools as mentioned hereafter are provided. 


Foot pools, 6 to 8 inches deep, should be built in connection with outdoor 
pools, through which all bathers must go before entering the swimming 
pool. Such foot pools are also advisable for indoor pools. 


Where the establishment is frequented by families, separate wading Boor 
for small children are desirable. 


It should be impossible, 1n connection with outdoor or indoor pools, for 
bathers to leave the pool enclosure or dressing room section and return to 
the pool later without either again taking a shower bath or going through a 
foot pool over which a shower head has been placed. 


hie a ie 


<a oe: 


Another view of Arthur Curtis James’ pool on page 13. Note the treatment of the scum gutter and steps with ceramic mosaic. 


Page Sixteen 


ie Eee oe WVesleMaeMelyNGGe 9 PeOs Ors 


Selectzon of Izles 
= 


RSQINY vitreous or glazed tile made by members of the AssocraTeD TILE 


Fe ae 


EN MANUFACTURERS may be used in swimming pool work with entirely 
CLIX) satisfactory results. The unglazed varieties are especially suited for 

| the bottom of the pool and the runways. Glazed tiles find their prin- 
cipal uses on the sides of the pool, the gutter, the walls and ceiling of the plunge 
room and shower stalls. 


Unglazed ceramic mosaic, because of its low cost, and the rapidity with 
which it can be applied, is used for the majority of pools. This material is particu- 
larly well suited to pool work because of the smallness of the units, so that any 
contour of the gutter, handrail, curb and coved corners can be easily and smoothly 
tiled without special shapes. To facilitate economy in installation, the small tiles 
are marketed mounted on sheets of paper; 1n this way over 500 of the “‘tesserae,”’ 
or the equivalent of about two square feet, can be installed at a time. 


For the largest part of the bowl, i. e., the field, white is usually chosen because 
it is the lowest in cost, and color is used only for the swimming lines and other 


markings, and for the gutter, handrail and a band eight to ten inches wide below 
the handrail. 


More and more color is used, however, for the entire pool—of which light 
greens and blues predominate. The object is of course to enhance the natural 
greenish or bluish cast of the water. The same material is also obtainable in white 
or colored glazes. Either bright or dull glazed mosaic is recommended where 
particular brilliance in the effect and the greatest ease in cleaning are desired. 
Frequently the bowl proper is done in the unglazed, and the markings and gutter 
in the glazed material. 


Larger tiles up to six-inch squares are also used in white and delicate tints 
with unglazed tiles for the floor and glazed tiles for the sides. For private indoor 
pools especially, the larger sizes of tiles are frequently preferred. 


Outdoor pools should always be tiled with ceramic mosaic, unglazed vitreous, 
or glazed tiles having a vitreous body, such as faience. This recommendation is 
made, because only vitreous tiles or glazes on vitreous body are entirely weather- 
and frost-proof. Otherwise, the choice of one kind over another rests entirely 
with personal preference. There is no difference in suitability, lasting or sanitary 
qualities. The decorative value of different kinds of tiles, and even individual 
pieces, varies greatly, of course, and selection from samples is the only method 
whereby their suitability for any particular installation should be finally deter- 
mined. Tile contractors should be requested to submit samples for selection. 


Page Seventeen 


| 
: 


a 


i ay 


sc tc tT A NO AT: Ie TIEN TE 


AGSHG4O GI VAUT SHED TTL a Ore oe eee 


cae 
pores 


Men's Swimming Pool, Central Y. M. C. A., Brooklyn, N. Y. A singularly attractive installation. Dark tile lines along the 


: ; bottom divide the pool longitudinally into swimming lanes. 
Trowbridge & Ackerman, Architects OL OrRCaN P g y g 


S226 

BN arriving at the required size of the pool it is necessary to consider, 
> ieee from available space and funds, such points as probable attend- 
Hl ance, length of bathing day, bathing load, Board of Health regulations, 
A and requirements for water sports. In general, the aim of the designer 
eid be to establish dimensions and proportions which will result in an effec- 
tive minimum of water volume, since the water content naturally determines the 
required capacity and cost of filters, heating and disinfecting equipment, and 
general construction costs. 

The probable attendance furnishes the most important factor upon which 
the minimum contents of the pool should be determined. The actual or probable 
attendance in relation to the water contents is known as the “bathing load.”’ 
Some states have enacted regulations in which the maximum weekly or daily 
bathing load is fixed. The maximum bathing load may be calculated by dividing 
the total actual or probable attendance by the actual or proposed pool capacity 
in thousands of gallons. 


Shape 


MOST desirable shape for an indoor swimming pool is rectangular, 
| because it provides as long a swimming line as possible, and a long, 

narrow proportion gives relatively better recirculation results. More 
freedom is left to the designer of outdoor pools, and indeed, almost 
any conceivable shape can be found among them. It is, however, not advisable 
to adopt odd shapes on account of the increased difficulties of construction and 
consequent greater cost of the completed pool. 


—— - — . on oe = 9 eee 


Page Eighteen 


elite emer Wel Mel IN Ge 1 PrO Oss 


Contour 


SHE shape of bottom is an important feature, especially where pat- 
04 Keg] TONage includes children, and in schools. The water depths must be 
aye regulated in accordance with requirements. Where pupils of all grades 
=2re3| ate to use the pool, the problem is quite complex; it is simplified when 
only the higher grades need the pool. There is still a difference of opinion about 
the value of swimming instruction in the lowest grades. 

The so-called spoon-shaped bottom is now recognized as the most serviceable 
for all purposes (A). Its merits are easily discernible. It gives the greatest depth 
about twelve or fifteen feet from the end wall, where depth is most needed, and 
the pool can be drained completely in a very short time. For the smaller sizes of 
pools the single spoon (A), and for the larger sizes the double spoon (B) are 
recommended. The latter provides the necessary playing area for water sports. 

An older form of bottom is shown in (C). Here the pool has a uniform depth 
for one-third the length at either end with a sloping center portion. Where sep- 
arate sections for swimmers and non-swimmers or for adults and children are 
desired, thiscontourisusually adopted. 

A gradual slope from one end of 
them poolmtomthe: other CD)eis the 
simplest form of bottom for pools 
of varying depth, and where the 
slOpeuts sate least: three, fect ometuc 
length of an average pool, the water 
may be drained out rapidly. 

A pool of uniform depth (E) con- 
sumes much time in emptying and 
Tonlersaib wUsclessmi0f. tOOmercataa 
length of time. 
= The slope of the bottom in the 

© «| shallow or wading section of the 
pool should not be greater than one 
foot in fifteen. Most bathers remain 
=) in this depth, and a sudden drop-off 
® ‘| is never advisable except in depths 
greater than five feet. 


Spoon Shape 


Bie 


SH" 


Diagram showing various contours of bottom for comparison of merits. 


Length 


=e aHILE proportions for private pools are of secondary importance, pools 
SEN IGOA de: 

API designed for educational institutions, for Y. M. C. A.’s, etc., should 
always have the length a multiple of fifteen feet for convenience in 
measuring distances for competitive work. 


Rule II, Sec. 1, of the American Swimming Association Rules provides that *’Pools for cham- 
pionship meets shall be at least 60 feet in length, 20 feet in width; and further: ‘Records made in 
pools of less than 60 feet in length shall not be considered as official.’’ This rule immediately elimi- 
nates pools of smaller size. é: | pe os . 

An analysis of the seventy pools listed in the American Swimming Association Guide gives a 
mean value for length of 66.64 feet, a maximum length of roo feet and a minimum of 30 feet. Twenty- 
nine of the pools (or 41.1 per cent.) are 60 feet in length; seventeen (or 24.3 per cent.) are 75 feet, and 
four (or 5.5 per cent.) are 100 feet in length. Prof. Hastings reports almost identical proportions in 
the forty-five pools investigated by him. His mean value is 60.1 feet, the maximum 100 feet and the 
minimum 26 feet. The most frequent value is 60 feet, of which he reports sixteen out of forty-five 


Cor 35.5 per cent). 


Page Nineteen 


ASS 8on.0)* Cel oA® AE eID ieee lee Ge es M- AmIN© USE As Gaia USE ees 


Max Height of Boord above Water 


Specia/ Gutter at one end to 
reise Water Leve/ one Foot a re 


Pee Roe sy 


GANGWAY 


DEPTH G FEET 


Plan and Elevation of a Typical Swimming Pool. The pool is planned as a standard for swimming and diving events. It 
is, therefore, sixty feet long and twenty feet wide with a modern spoon- 
shaped bottom, has four swimming lines with turning lines at both 
ends, and has the jack-knife limit and distances marked on the sides. 
The relative position of the diving board has also been indicated in 
diagrammatical form. 


Depth 


= J Rae general depth as well as the distribution of the areas of different 
oe depths depends a great deal on the type and age of bathers. A distinc- 
oy | tion should be made between adults, children, swimmers and non- 


ees owimmers. 


The greatest depth should be below and a little ahead of the end of the diving 
board. Where the pool is intended principally for non-swimmers and children, 
the shallow water area should be increased over the normal shallow area. 


Asa guide for depth, reference is again made to Rule II, Sec. 1, of the American 
Swimming Association Rules: “Pools for championship meets shall 
have a water depth of at least seven feet in the deep end and not less than three 
feet in the shallow end."’ Rule XI, Sec. 4, provides that ‘‘The minimum depth of 
water in all college diving competitions shall be seven feet.’ 


In practice, this minimum depth will, however, be found inadequate, for 
none but experienced divers can safely perform the feat in seven feet of water. 
Statistics show the majority of pools to have a depth of over seven and one-half 
feet, with a maximum of ten feet. Eight, and eight and one-half feet, are the least 
depths where diving contests are to be held. This will also facilitate the playing 
of water polo and similar games which require a playing area over six feet deep 
for at least sixty feet of the length of the pool, according to the rules of the game. 


Page Twenty 


Webi de WBE SO AW! IE LIE TEIN E: PeOLOR Eas 


Width SL DOSTIS 
—< p= wi 


FOST typical 
widths group 

aA9Fi | around multi- 
Cee ples of 5 feet. 
Of the seventy pools re- 
ferred to before, 24.3 per 
cent. are 20 feet wide, 
Peace CeULeare2§ fect, 
and 21.4 per cent. are 30 
feet in width. The mean 
value: is 26 feet, the 
maximum 60 feet, and 
the minimum 17 feet. 
Again taking Prof. 
Hastings’ figures for 
comparison, we havea [Ree gas = 
mean value for width of Seattle Natatorium, Seattle, Wash. 


There are two swimming pools in this natatorium. The 


1 h h is si b hundred feet. Adjoini 
ZO: 7 feet: a Maximum of B. Marcus Pretica, Architect fie indies. pool, eighteen by thirty and one-half feet 
in size. oth are lined with ceramic mosaic tile. ec 
60 Leet and a minimum tric lights are counter-sunk into the bottom for under- 
of 12 feet. He also finds water illumination. 
20 feet the most frequent value. Typical pools according to these figures are therefore: 
O10 Exe OOFICEE PO Ku 5 fect 
ES EXeOo ect DES aT SuLeCt 
30 x 60 feet 201 xX 75 tect 


with the 20 by 60 foot pool predominating. This size has been adopted as the 
standard for Y. M. C. A. pools. It is unfortunate that less than half of the pools 
cited above (or 47 per cent.) are of typical dimensions, and that the other half 
cannot be used for competitive games because they are of odd dimensions, the 
difference often being only one foot. 


Lines and Markings 


particularly well suited for this purpose. All distance markings should begin at the 
end. Accuracy in this work is imperative. 

In compliance with the rules of the American Swimming Association, certain lines should be 
incorporated into the tilework, namely, swimming lanes should be established lengthwise along 
the bottom of the pool. Dark colored tiles, at least three inches wide, or their equivalent in ceramic 
mosaic, are recommended to mark such lanes distinctly. 

The number of lanes depends of course on the width of the pool. Each lane should be five feet 
wide, so that four lanes are established in pools twenty feet in width, five in pools twenty-five feet 
wide, six in those of thirty feet in width, and so on. 

There is now a tendency to get away from Janes, which require the swimmers to stay between 
two lines, and substitute swimming /émes, over which the contestants must keep during the com- 
petition. It is claimed by swimming coaches that it is much easier to keep over a line than to swim 
in a lane. 

A limit of safety for non-swimmers may be indicated prominently by a similar line running 
across the bottom of the pool and up the sides. In some pools this is, however, taken care of by 


Page Twenty-one 


PASS OC ATED | LelelitB, oo MeAm Ne Cer a At Gar] etlerhen ones nee 


4 
GOAL LINE 


} : Jacknitelim| « 
(07 Sidjot Foe!) | - 


FREE THROW LINE 


i FREE THROW LINE | 


F ' 
20-FOOT LINE y 


es 


CENTER LINE 


CENTER LINE 
(OF PLAYING AREA) 


FREE THROW LINE 


TUBRNING# LINE 


GOAL AREA 


Official swimming lanes, turn- Official playing lines for Official playing lines for Composite of official mark- 
ing lines and jack-knife limit. water polo. water basket ball. ings for a standard pool. 


signs worked out in tile on top of the coping or curb. Five feet from each end of the pool the “‘turn- 
ing lines’’ must be inserted along the bottom and up the sides in similar manner. 

The ‘‘Jack-knife Limit’’ should be marked by a distinctly colored line inserted into the face of { 
the coping and running a short way below the surface of the water, six feet from the end of the diving 
board on each side of the pool, since contestants when executing any jack-knife dive must enter the 
water within six feet from the end of the diving board. These lines are necessary to assist the judges 
in determining fouls, and are required in the rules. 

For pools where Water Polo 1s to be played, an area of sixty to seventy-five feet in length, twenty 
to forty feet in width, and at least six feet in depth should be laid out. This area may be shortened in 
pools having a shallow end, so that a six-foot depth is assured in the playing area. The following 
playing and goal lines are then laid out from the ends of this area: 


Center Line: equidistant from the ends. Free Throw Lines: 15 feet from the ends. 
Goal Lines: 4 feet from the ends. Goal Zones: 20 feet from the ends. 


For the playing of Water Basket Ball, any pool free from obstruction and 
not exceeding 2,500 square feet in area may be fitted by inserting a three-inch 
tile center line across the bottom or on the sides at equal distances from the ends, 
and a fifteen-foot line in the same way fifteen feet from each end. Baskets in the 
form of hammock nets of cord and suspended from metal rings 18 inches in 
diameter must be placed 5% feet above water level at both ends and 6 inches 
from the backgrounds. The latter are 6 by 4 foot boards extending not less than 
three feet above baskets. 


For high diving competitions, platforms at two heights have to be erected, 
the first not less than 14 fe oe and not more than 16 feet, and the second not less 
than 24 and not more than 27 feet above the water level. These platforms must %, 
be seven feet wide, fixed and free from spring. 


Ts 


General experience has proved that such provisions for diving, speed swim- 
ming and the playing of games add to the enjoyment of the pool and increase 
patronage. 


es 


Bir du 


Detail of a distance 
numeral along coping. Showing the use of ceramic mosaic for distance markers and an erator in the Spaulding pool. 


, Eee CN 


Ge ere Pee ES 


Page Twenty-two 


sly les [eae ee Seo War eV Mal Nie Gee Ps Or O8E SS 


Indoor Pool, Heckscher Foundation for Children, New York City. Note the use of ceramic mosaic for the rail markings, inset ladder 
and scum gutter on this indoor pool. The curb, runways and wall 


Maynicke and Franke, Architects Wainscoting are also tiled, 


bighi cs 


Ladders and Steps ane 


EINGRESS and egress may be provided by ladders 
Pal or stairs built into the pool. If the ladders are 
of metal and fastened to the sides, they should 
be removable. Metal ladders, however, are 
rapidly being supplanted by a better and more permanent 
style which has been developed in the shape of tile ladders. 
The most satisfactory plan is to build the ladders of tile 
into the sides of the pool. Each rung or round 1s rein- 
forced by iron bars rigidly set into the concrete founda- 
tion. The ceramic mosaic or tile is either placed around 
this reinforcement in the shape of an actual round, or 
carried over additional reinforcement of woven wire in 
cement to the back end of the recess in the form of a 
slightly concave step. The former is the style now 
generally used. In the latter case, an opening must be 
left through each step to assure complete drainage when 
Piem poolmdis scmpticd «ile @contractors* now cast, tach 2 & a leas 1 

rung separately around the reinforcement in cylindrical Tite tadders are especially advan- 
qieerminera mtoruss of sproper) cross uscctions with the feo 8 “tecdonct prone: 


are substantial and are not affect- 


feintorcement projecting about two inches on each side.  2iiy constant contact with water 


Y. M. C. A., Beloit, Wis. 


Page Twenty-three 


Avssg,0 GCG ISA eE D die le EBS iMeeAT IN SU eee Cerin eee cen 


These pre-cast rungs are then set into the ladder recess and cemented into place. 
This procedure assures not only speed and accuracy, but also simplicity and con- 
venience in installing the tile ladders. The tile is of course not applied until the 
rungs have been set in place. The tread portion of the rounds or steps is prefer- 
ably built of unglazed tile to assure a firm hold for the feet, and in black or other 
distinctive color to make them plainly visible. Where the scum gutter rail forms 
one of the rungs of the ladder, a point of simplicity in construction 1s gained. 


Since these tile ladders do not project, they are especially advocated for pools 
where competitive games are to be held. Swimming teachers recommend two 
ladders at the deep end and one at the shallow end, always placed at the sides of 
the pool, never into the end walls. 

Stairs are still used to a great extent in private and outdoor pools. Overhang- 
ing treads should never be built, and the edges formed by tread and riser should 
be rounded off with a tile bead or curved ceramic mosaic. 


Overflow Trough and Handrail 


FAN essential sanitary feature of the modern swimming pool is the 
A) tiled overflow trough or scum gutter. It serves four principal purposes: 


Through the activities of the bathers, it automatically removes 
from the water surface the bulk of floating substances or scum formed 
by the accumulation of dead cuticle, exudations of the sweat glands, hair, lint 
from bathing suits, dust, etc., and flushes them into the waste pipes, provided 
the water level is always kept within a few inches of the rail. 


It acts as an overflow, regulates the depth of water and keeps it uniform. 
No standing waste pipe should be used for this purpose, because the scum which 
collects around the opening of such an overflow is not removed in the same man- 
ner, the rust from the pipe discolors the water, and the pipe is an objectionable 

obstruction. 


In addition, the gutter serves 
the important function of a cuspi- 
dor that is constantly flushed by 
the lapping and splashing of the 
water, and to a great extent pre- 
vents expectoration in or about the 
pool. 

Finally, the front or: ‘dam’ 
portion forms a support or ‘“‘life 
rail’ that in all respects is far 
superior to the crude and obsolete 
rope and the obstructing metal rail. 

At least two sides of the pool 
should be provided with these 
overflow troughs. In view of their 
important sanitary functions, they 
are usually installed, however, on 
all four sides in the majority of 


Detail of Tile Work Bottom and walls are lined with six-inch white 


onW.E. Boeing Pool tile. The surrounding floor consists of three-inch modern pools. The occasional prac- 


octagons and one-inch square dots. The overfow 


Shown on Page 6 trough design has unusual decorative qualities. tice of providing two gutters at 


Page Twenty four 


etree pee Vere Vie Me lana Ge PeOsOcL ss 


different elevations—the lower 
for ordinary use, the upper for 
high diving, etc.—has, from 
all indications, not met with 
any particular degree of suc- 
CESS. 


The principles governing 
the profile and construction 
Oimchcasuttcreate simple 
euOughemlocecapacity, deve. 
the depth and width, must be 
miCUmtid teallethe: water 
splashed into the trough can 
drain away rapidly and under 
no circumstances flow back 
into the pool, as would be 
the case where the gutter is 
too small. It should be men- Merrohie ci; wide and 12 feet deep. The pool bottom has 6-inch 

. : : : emphes, Lenn. squares of pearl gray Flint tiles with black hydraulic tile 
tioned in this connection that Fi MicGeou Architect swimming lane markers. The pool walls and runways 

. : have 6-inch squares of dark green Flint tiles, and the scum 

the SUAS of tire gutter changes gutter and curb are ceramic mosaic in dark green, cream 
: . : . and white colors. Note the spoon-shaped bottom. 
in an inverse ratio to the size 
of the pool for the reason that a bather jumping into a large pool will not cause 
the same stir and overflow as will be the case in a small pool. 

The life rail portion must be of comfortable width to the grasp and absolutely 
level. Great care should be exercised in respect to the latter point, for the slightest 
error in elevation will become noticeable as soon as the pool is filled. Besides, 
it is evident that only a perfectly level dam can give satisfactory service. 


eee ; ‘ _ a oe ~ p . 


Indoor Pool, Clarence Saunders, This well-equipped pool measures 60 feet long, 20 feet 


Drains connecting with a common sewer should be provided at certain inter- 
vals and the bottom of the gutter pitched slightly toward these outlets. A com- 
parison of the various possible arrangements of drains, and the resultant effect 
upon plumbing and depth of gutter, are given in the diagram below, which 1s 
self-explanatory. (A) immediately stands out as the most practical and eco- 
nomical method, and provides a gutter of almost uniform depth, with high points 
between drains twenty feet apart. 


A great diversity of practice exists in the matter of profile of overflow troughs, 
and no standard design can be referred to. There are two distinct types, however; 
namely, the recessed, and the open or “‘roll-out-rim’’ styles. From the cross sec- 
tions on page nineteen the development of the most effective contours may readily 
be studied. The recessed type takes away none of the runway space, which is 

frequently limited, and bath- 


: : at ras age = - =] efs cannot step into it when 
i ae eee rere | SILLIN GZ OD the curb or edge 
aa 1 I { S 

: : ! ® ! | | || of the pool. The open type is 

ee ga ! ee err more simply constructed,’ per- 
fy a ee | mits of bringing the water 

1 | A 

| © ' || level much nearer to the run- 

Meee itor tarts S16” ! | ! Slope+/ 1a" in /0Feet | way floor level which 1S often 
7 : 7, : of Li) 1 ’ ° : 

G. — ee rece 1 || desirable, and is more acces- 

\Depth of Gutter uniform © No Slope -/acreesed Hlumbing| Si bl e f or 7c ] eanin g ; H owever ; 


the very. fact that it 1s, acces- 
sible invites various kinds of 


Diagram of various methods of gutter drainage and their effect on depth 
of gutter and plumbing. 


Page Twenty-five 


Asis OC IsAeren aD TEE AB as Matay N' SUN Baw. Gr lal Rape ies 


thoughtlessness and violation of sanitary rules. It has also the 
disadvantage that the bather when entering the pool must 
step or jump over the open gutter. Each of these types has a 
number of variants as may be observed from the illustration. 

The height of the life rail above the bottom of the recessed 
gutter has been observed to vary between three and six inches. 
The usual width or thickness at the top 1s two inches; a greater 
width reduces the effectiveness of the gutter and does not 
afford a comfortable hold to the bather. To give added rigid- 
ity, the life rail should be reinforced with expanded metal or 
metal lath bent to shape as shown in the cross sections. 

The inside width of the gutter ranges all the way from 
three to eight inches. The bottom should be of sufficient width 
and of the proper contour to accommodate the strainers. In 
some cases, the drain openings are located in special recesses 
of the gutter. A long rectangular form of strainer is most desir- 
able—it fits the general form of gutter, is most effective and 
looks neater. The gutter may be built either of ceramic mosaic 
or so-called white glazed tile trimmers. Ceramic mosaic yields 
any desired profile; the designer who chooses it is therefore 
at liberty to give any contour to the dam and gutter. 

Attention is called to the possibility of constructing cer- 
tain portions of the pool of ceramic mosaic and the remainder 


of white glazed tile. 
Curb 


COPING around the swimming pool serves a triple 
purpose. First, it limits the possibility of water 
WY from the gangway floor flowing into the pool. 
’) This water on the runways is usually very much 
==3] polluted from suit and body drippings, sputum 

and effete matter. In the second place, it prevents water used 
in cleaning the runways from running or splashing into the 
pool. Lastly, it serves as a ‘‘take-off’’ in competitive swim- 
ming. If the pool is to be used for competitive contests, Rule IX, 
Sec. 1, of the Intercollegiate Swimming Rules provides that 
‘the maximum height for the take-off shall be 18 inches above 
the water level.’’ 

The width of the curb is determined by the length 
of the human foot. A width of twelve inches provides a 
comfortable foot rest, and sixteen inches is even better. 

The height of the nosing above the runway must be 
determined by attendant conditions. It should be at least 
two or three inches in height to effectively prevent soiled 
water from running into the pool. The usual height is 
six inches. A substantial and beautiful spring-board rest 
is sometimes installed as a part of the curb. Its purpose 
and construction do not require explanation. 


Holyoke High School, Holyoke, Mass. 
Tile Spring-board Rest 


Page Twenty-six 


This profile in every detail is in conformity with 
all requirements. The gutter is small and neat. 
The curb is of proper height to serve asa take-off. 


A Special Type of Open Scum Gutter. 
(A) with hand rail. 
(B) without hand rail. 


Design for wall tile gutter and curb. The water 
level is eighteen inches below the top of the curb, 
the proper take-off distance. 


RUT ABC MEST TNE PFE 


EGE Dasa Wee le Nie Wel Ne G 


Runways 
Ss MURROUNDING the 


Se Shou ropa ZW Siialrors 
\” ae be runways, 
three to four and one- 
- in width along the 
sides, and at least six feet at 
thes endsa) [hey “should, have 
ample width to prevent con- 
gestion and unnecessary colli- 
sions. A wide and clear runway 
is a help to attendants when 
giving swimming instructions 
and in cases of emergency. 

It is an excellent plan from 
a hygienic point of view to 
provide two runways, an outer 
picmanminner one. Lhe inner 
one should be reserved for the 
exclusive use of the bathers and 
be accessible only for those 
going to and from the dressing 
rooms. The outer passage is for 


PAOVOR TSS 


Indoor Pool, Y. M.C. A., 
Huntingdon Ave., Boston, Mass. 
Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge, Architects 


This spacious runway has a 2 by |-inch un- 
glazed tile floor with color inserts in the curb. 
White glazed tiles are used on the walls and 
faience mosaic in the pool, wall border and 
decorative color band. 


the accommodation of non-bathing visitors and for newcomers to reach the dress- 
ing rooms. This simple plan prevents the soiling of the inner gangway by dirty 
shoes, one of the frequent sources of contamination of the pool water. The floor 
of the runway should always be tiled with an unglazed tile. Rubber or fiber mattings 
are not desirable, for sanitary reasons. The runways should drain away from the 
pool unless a curb surrounds the pool, in which case it may slope toward a shal- 


Private Pool, Hon. his M. Cox, This neat pool is lined with 34-inch ceramic mosaic; the 
Dayt Ohi walls and pillars have white glazed tile squares; the floor 

ayton, 10. panels are of herringbone ceramic mosaic, and the colored 
O. C. Hering & D. Fitch, Architects borders in walls and floor are faience mosaic. 


low gutter running along 
the inside of the curb. 

A low tile partition, 
four to six inches wide 
and from thirty to thirty- 
six inches high,may sepa- 
rate the inner and outer 
passages. Reinforced 
econctetes of common 
brick, should form the 
foundation upon which 
the tile work is set. 
Aside from ceramic 
mosaic, so-called parti- 
tion tile is available for 
this purpose. By judi- 
cious use of the differ- 
ent patterns and colors, 
these partitions can be 
made to add greatly to 
the attractiveness of the 


hall. 


Page Twenty-seven 


Ay SaSO CeleAeT* EDs Dee Ey aM Ag NS Ul Sr oe Dele meron eee 


be 


Corridor and Foot Pool, Heckscher Foundation for Children, The floor and wainscoting are faience tiles; the foot pool floor is of ceramic 
Negnyark Car mosaic. Note the effective arrangement for control of the bathers. The 
Nha Me Be attendant’s office is at the extreme right, next to it is a foot pool through 
Maynicke and Franke, Architects which all must pass before entering pool, and at the left is the exit. 


Walls and Cezslings 


7 te] VIMMING hall and shower rooms are incomplete without provision 

SS) for the sanitary condition of the walls. It is absolutely necessary to 
Yel) protect them against disintegration. 

Li Condensation of moisture on the walls is unavoidable in the pres- 
ence of a large body of tepid water. If this 
moisture is condensed on walls of absorbent, 
porous material, they will rapidly discolor 
and deteriorate, paint will peel off and in a 
general way become unsightlyand unsanitary. 
To thoroughly clean such a wall is next to 
impossible, for dust and moisture are natu- 
rally retained inthe cracks and crevices formed 
in the process of dilapidation. Dr. W. Paul 
Gerhard, an authority on pools and bath 
houses, states in this connection: ‘‘The walls 
of the swimming hall should likewise be fin- 
ished in tiles and the ceiling should also be 
tiled. Painted brick walls and plastered ceil- 
ings are abominations not to be tolerated, 
because the always present vapors attack 
these surfaces quickly.” 


The economical aspect of such treatment 
De = is easy of comprehension. Cleansing 1s 
Shower Room of the Spaulding Pool, Dartmouth College, simplified, repainting and replastering and 
Srehy et ioe other current repair work are eliminated, 


Rich & Mathesius, Architects i, : 
Note the attractive wall and ceiling treatment with faience thus Saving money and assuring maximum 
tiles. The ceramic mosaic floor completes a model shower > ey [os : » 
room—entirely impervious to splashing and condensation availability of the pool. 


of moisture. 


~ ———— — _ _—_— ee ee a he a ee 


Page Twenty-eight 


Shower Baths 


PSN adequate number of shower 
‘3 baths, where each bather 

| is required to bathe prep- 
foes! atatory to entering the 
swimming pool, is a necessary san- 
itary precaution in every well-planned 
swimming establishment. 

The number of showers depends 
upon the probable number of patrons; 
the type and arrangement, in rela- 
tion to dressing rooms and pool; 
upon the available space; and the 
sex and age of the bathers. 

Individual showers may be built 
with each dressing room; or the 
dressing rooms may be planned in 


see aE MENG TENG GP os? OfOl1L S 


groups of two A three or more, and a Shower stalls showing the use of white glazed tiles on the walls, and hex- 


shower installed for each group. agonal ceramic mosaic on the floor with checkered color border. 
hi In men’s colleges and schools, a common dressing and locker room is some- 
i times provided, with a row of showers in an adjoining room. 
B Tiles are admirably adapted to the requirements of shower baths. They are, 
, by far, the cleanest, most attractive and most satisfactory material for this purpose. 


cates 


Foot Pool and Shower The walls are white glazed tiles with a dark blue border; 
Fall River, Mass ‘ the floor is laid in ceramic mosaic. 


Foot “Pools 


eee DI NAR Y 

est Sanitary pre- 
AOSD cautions and 
Cee Bee) public hygi- 
ene call for the use of 
tiled foot poolsin public 
tanks, natatoriums, and 
institutional pools used 
by large numbers of 
people. Rules generally 
stipulatethatall bathers 
cleanse their feet thor- 
oughly before entering 
the pool. 

Foot pools or baths 
can be neatly built into 
passages or corners in 
conjunction with a low 
foot-showeér, or be 
located in the annex 
leading to the shower 
room. Unglazed tiles 
and ceramic mosaic 
make very suitable lin- 
ings for foot pools. 


PSEC CY 


Page Twenty-nine 


AUSiS'O:' CIMA TiRED) Tle EG. eMeAG Nel baAn Ge itn aera 


Private Pool, Residence of John F. Dodge, Meadowbrook An excellent private pool. The walls are in six-inch white semi-matt 

Boss Rochen Mack tile and the pool is six-by-three-inch sea green. The floor consists of 
? ? two-inch hexagonal white tile. 

Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, Architects 


Water proofing 


WHE subject of waterproofing is of great importance when building a 
swimming pool, and particularly an indoor pool located near build- 
‘Ail ings, where leakage may cause damage to footings and consequent 


wi 


E43) settlement of the buildings. Waterproofing is not of the same impor- 
tance in pools for gardens, parks and beaches, although any pool should be built 
watertight if for no other reasons than to insure sanitation of the water and to 
prevent frost damage. 

The use of the scratch coat required in connection with the tile work as a 
method of integral waterproofing allows great simplification of construction 
through the elimination of all extraneous waterproofing courses. 


S2te 

Indoor pools are placed either in separate buildings, in the basement, or on 
upper floors of structures used elsewhere for other purposes, and the choice of a 
site is determined or restricted by the location of these buildings. Outdoor pools 
intended for swimming should be located as far from possible sources of con- 
tamination as practicable and on sites with good natural drainage. All too fre- 
quently outdoor pools are placed at the lowest point, which precludes satisfactory 
surface and ground water drainage from the start. 


Construction 


HE most satisfactory form of construction for rough bowls, located 
on or in the ground, is reinforced concrete, as it assures unity in the 


ay) structure and requires a minimum quantity of materials. | 
is 2 ; j ; 
: The determination of the proper thickness of concrete walls and 
floor and their reinforcement are engineering problems based on the principles 
of reinforced concrete design and hydrostatic pressure, and as such, are distinctly 


Page Thirty 


eee aero Wile Ve Viol Ni Ge =PeO°On S 


the work of an architect or engineer. Frequently the soil strata may be of varying 
bearing capacity and require special types of footings; the bowl may have to 
resist excessive groundwater pressure when empty, which is equalized after the 
pool is filled; when located high above ground the swaying of buildings due to 
wind, vibration due to nearby transportation lines, and expansion and contrac- 
tion in the support may have to be taken into consideration. The necessary ratio 
of cross sectional area of steel to concrete may have to be varied according to 
climate and whether the pool is above or below ground. 

For these and similar reasons no one should proceed with 
the construction of a pool holding a large volume of water 
without advice from experts on the ground. 
+f Tiles take less space in swimming pool construction 
note than any other lining material. This is important where 
Npseos alee space is limited, as it will often allow the size of the pool 
| Ls] } float Gor to. be made standard, or the runways can be widened to 
el Srathteor full width if the extra space is not required in the con- 
ties He struction of the pool. From eight to eighteen inches in 
Reenforcement),| .,.° |" 5 2 : 

ee length and width dimensions can be saved by the use of 
tiles over other more bulky materials. 


Drains 


Concrete 


Spee ee ri 


= 


alll Cost 
; ae cost of constructing a swimming pool varies 
4 keel] With location, size, type of construction and 
on f yen equipment. For such types as a standard 20 x 60 
fe Ra A size of indoor pool used in schools, Y. M. C. 
MR pes MS MCLCe, including the tile work, filtration plant, steri1- 
Concrete Retaining Wall for Swim- lizers, heater and cleaning equipment, the cost ranges from 
Be ern peters diegran $10,000 to $14,000. Where the pool cannot be accom- 
ee ahaa modated in the basement and a separate building is re- 
quired for housing it, the cost is increased by about $10,000 or $12,000. Outdoor 
pools without filtration and heating plants can of course be constructed for 
materially less. The cost of the tile installation for a 20 x 60 pool will range 
from $3500 to $6000 according to kind of tile, design, labor cost and decorative 
details. 


c 
Re 


How to Care for Swimming Pools 


Se IROPER care of a swimming pool is a simple matter requiring only regular attention. 
aN It should start right after installation. Such care will add greatly to the pool’s appear- 
| ance, cleanliness, advantages and satisfactory service. Glazed tiles should be washed 
down regularly with soap, clean cloths or mop, and plenty of clean hot water, with a 
thorough ‘“‘rinsing’’ after cleaning. Abrasive compounds containing grit should not 
be used. Unglazed tiles should be cleaned regularly with a scouring powder or abrasive compound 
in much the same manner as glazed tiles. Here again, the use of plenty of clean hot water and 
clean cloths is most important for the best results. 

Particular care should be used to remove all soap from tiled surfaces, particularly runways, by 
thorough rinsing with clean hot water—otherwise the tiles will steadily accumulate a soapy film 
of grime and dirt, and become discolored and slippery. 

Swimming pools should always be cleaned when empty for a thoroughly satisfactory job. Pools 
having a recirculating system of water can be cleaned while full with a vacuum system which works 
in conjunction with the circulating water pump. , 

Water stains and rust stains from pipes can be removed with diluted nitric acid. Paint spots will 
yield to strong ammonia, and oxalic acid will remove ink stains. 


Page Thirty-one 


AeeSLO'G TeACT SEED © leitales Eee AEN 


ee = 


amit1E information on the foregoing pages 
= must of necessity be of a more or less 
2A general nature in order to be applicable 
to the varying conditions under which swimming 
pools are installed. 


Weare, however, prepared to make definite and 
practical recommendations and suggestions, and 
work out specific problems concerning in any way 
the sanitary, artistic, economical and durable lining 
of any swimming pool to be installed under given 
conditions, and will supply technical information 
on any feature of their construction. 


Architects and prospective builders of swim- 
ming pools are therefore requested to avail them- 
selves of our earnest desire to furnish any data 
pertaining to our product and its application. 


t= 


Indoor Pool, Heckscher Foundation for Children, New Y ork City. 


[) BeAs Gil sUaRa BARES 


